隨著計算機、網絡技術的不斷發展，網絡虛擬實驗室得到越來越多的應用。 With the computer, the continuous development of network technology, network virtual laboratory to be more and more applications. 介紹了虛擬實驗室的基本特點及其體系結構，實現虛擬實驗室的四種關鍵技術： Java、ActiveX、VRML、ASP，最後探討了虛擬實驗室開發過程當中應註意的幾個問題。 Introduced the basic characteristics of virtual laboratory and its architecture, the realization of virtual laboratory four key technologies: Java, ActiveX, VRML, ASP, the last of the development process of virtual laboratory should pay attention to several problems. 關鍵詞虛擬實驗室遠程教育現代教育技術迅速崛起的現代教育技術把虛擬實驗引入到了實驗教學中。 Key words virtual laboratory of modern educational technology distance education the rapid rise of the modern educational technology into the virtual experiment experimental teaching. 虛擬實驗的應用改變了傳統的教育模式，使得教與學方式發生了革命性的變化。 Application of virtual experiment to change the traditional mode of education and teaching and learning approach makes revolutionary change took place. 目前，用於實驗教學的計算機虛擬實驗軟件非常豐富，加上高校計算機及網絡資源，為虛擬實驗的開設提供了必要的基礎條件。 At present, for the experimental teaching of computer software, rich virtual experiment, together with the Universities computer and network resources for the creation of virtual experiments to provide the necessary basic conditions. 通過網絡虛擬實驗室，能夠通過計算機在網絡中模擬壹些實驗現象，它不僅僅能夠提高實驗教學效果，更加重要的是對壹些缺乏實驗條件的學生，通過網絡同樣能夠身臨其境地觀察實驗現象，甚至和異地的學生合作進行實驗。 Through the network of virtual labs, through computer simulation in the network a number of experimental phenomena, it is not only to improve the effectiveness of experimental teaching, and more importantly, the lack of experimental conditions on some of the students, through the network to feel the same experimental phenomena observed, students in different places and even co-operation and carry out such experiments. 1 網絡虛擬實驗室的發展及其特點網絡虛擬實驗就是在WEB中創建出壹個可視化的環境，其中每壹個可視化的物體代表壹種實驗對象。 1 of the development of virtual laboratory network and the characteristics of the network is in the WEB virtual experiment to create a visual environment, a visualization of each of these objects on behalf of an experimental object. 通過鼠標的點擊以及拖曳操作，用戶可以進行虛擬的實驗。 Through mouse clicks and drag and drop operation, users can conduct virtual experiments. 網絡虛擬實驗實現的基礎是多媒體計算機技術與網絡技術的結合。 Network virtual experiment is based on the realization of multi-media computer technology and network technology. 無論是學生還是教師，都可以自由地、無顧慮地隨時進入虛擬實驗室操作儀器，進行各種實驗。 Whether students or teachers, are free and without hesitation to operate at any time to enter the virtual laboratory apparatus, to carry out various experiments. 為實驗類課程的教學改革及遠程教育提供了條件和技術支持。 Experimental curriculum reform and teaching conditions for the provision of distance education and technical support. 許多國內外從事實驗室工作的研究者們在實踐中還提出這樣壹些概念：Digital Lab、MBL（Micro-computer Based Lab），盡管這些名詞不統壹，但他們的實踐從不同的層面實現了虛擬實驗室。 Many at home and abroad to engage in laboratory work in practice, the researchers also proposed the concept of such: Digital Lab, MBL (Micro-computer Based Lab), although these terms are not uniform, but they practice at different levels from a virtual experiment Room. 1．1 印地安那州立大學的MBL化學實驗室該實驗室在給新生開化學實驗課時用計算機來輔助做這樣壹些事，用計算機采集與分析實驗數據，用計算機展示實驗，在網上發布相關的實驗指導材料。 1.1 of the Indiana State University chemical laboratory of the MBL laboratory chemistry experiments to open new classes to help with the computer do something with computer acquisition and analysis of experimental data, using computer experiments show that in the relevant online Experimental guidance material. 1.2 芝加哥伊利諾伊大學數字化有機化學實驗室該實驗室充分利用網絡資源，在網上提供了壹系列的實驗教學指導：在線實驗教材；實驗教學時間表；實驗測評方法、形式、時間；虛擬實驗；相關教學資源的鏈接等。 1.2 University of Illinois at Chicago, the number of the laboratory of organic chemistry lab full use of network resources, the Internet has provided a series of experimental teaching guide: online experimental materials; experimental teaching timetable; experimental evaluation of methods, forms, time; virtual experiments; related to teaching Links and other resources. 他們還用計算機進行實驗教學的教務管理。 They also experiment with computer teaching educational administration. 1.3 卡羅萊納州立大學的LAAP（Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics）他們利用Java技術建立了基於Web的探索式虛擬物理實驗室，主要有以下幾個模塊：基於Java Applet的虛擬實驗設備和實驗設施；相關的實驗課程模塊；實驗學習結果評價模塊；協作學習模塊。 1.3 Carolina State University LAAP (Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics) using Java technology to build Web-based virtual physics laboratory to explore, mainly in the following modules: Java Applet based virtual laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities; related An experimental course module; experimental study and the results of the evaluation module; collaborative learning module. 虛擬實驗室最大的優點是成本低，效率高。 Virtual Laboratory biggest advantage is low cost, high efficiency. 因為“軟件即為儀器”，這樣就可解決因實驗經費不足或高檔次、高價位設備缺乏所不能開出的實物實驗，同時也不會造成因使用不當，管理不善等因素造成的儀器損壞、元器件丟失等現象。 Because "software is the instrument," and this could be the lack of funds resulting from the experimental or high-grade, high-priced equipment can not be opened by the lack of physical experiments, but also will not lead to a result of improper use caused by such factors as poor management of equipment damage, missing components and so on. 同時虛擬實驗還可以模擬實驗室中沒有的設備，而且還可以不受時空的限制方便地進行實驗。 At the same time, virtual experiments can not simulate the laboratory equipment, but also can be exempted from the restrictions of time and space to easily carry out such experiments. 另外，虛擬實驗室還應具備壹些基本特征：與現實的壹致性（或現實的延伸）、高度交互性、實時的信息反饋。 In addition, the virtual laboratory should also have some basic features: the coherence and reality (or an extension of reality), highly interactive, real-time feedback. 2 網絡虛擬實驗室體系結構網絡虛擬實驗室應是壹個集虛擬實驗教學管理系統、實驗課教學指導系統，網絡實驗仿真等為壹體的功能強大的網上運行系統。 2 Network architecture of Virtual Laboratory Virtual Laboratory should be a set of virtual experiment management system for teaching, laboratory teaching guidance systems, network simulation and so on into a powerful operating system online. 各部分之間相互聯系相互補充，僅具有相對獨立性。 Interlinkages between the various parts of each other, only with relative independence. 開發虛擬環境，實現實驗仿真應是虛擬實驗室建設的核心部分。 The development of a virtual environment, the realization of experimental simulation is a virtual laboratory should be the core of the building. 圖1是虛擬實驗室體系結構圖。 Figure 1 is a virtual laboratory system structure. 3 構建網絡虛擬實驗室的關鍵技術目前國內的虛擬實驗室研究還處於萌芽階段，國外已經有很多大學進行了這方面的研究。 3 build a network of key technology of virtual laboratory virtual current laboratory research is still in its infancy, many universities abroad have carried out studies in this area. 總結他們所使用的技術，可以看出大多可以劃分下面幾類： 3.1 Java技術Java是壹個廣泛使用的網絡編程語言，它是壹種新的計算概念。 Summing up their use of technology, we can see that the majority can be divided into the following categories: 3.1 Java technology is a widely used Java web programming language, it is a new computing concept. 首先，作為壹種程序設計語言，它簡單、不依賴於機器的結構、具有可移植性、安全性、並且提供了並發的機制、具有很高的性能。 First of all, as a programming language, it is simple, is not dependent on the structure of the machine with portability, security, and provides a mechanism for concurrency, high performance. 其次，它最大限度地利用了網絡，Java的小應用程序（applet）可在網絡上運行而不受CPU和環境的限制。 Secondly, to maximize the use of its network, Java applets for (applet) can be run on the network without restrictions on CPU and the environment. 另外，Java還提供了豐富的類庫，使程序設計者可以很方便地建立自己的系統，這壹點對於構建網上虛擬實驗室系統來說也是非常關鍵的。 In addition, Java also provides a rich class library, so that process designers can easily build their own systems, this point for building a virtual laboratory system is also very crucial. 3.2 ActiveX控件ActiveX技術允許不同軟件開發的組件在網絡上可以互相進行操作。 3.2 ActiveX Controls ActiveX technology allows different software components on the network can operate with each other. Ac?鄄tiveX使用了微軟的組件對象技術使得本地的組件可以和網絡上的組件進行通信，使用ActiveX開發的另壹個好處在於它的代碼復用性，也就是說在虛擬實驗室的開發過程中，壹個實驗儀器可以在多個實驗環境中重復使用，這壹點對於持續開發過程尤為重要。 Ac? Juan tiveX use of Microsoft's Component Object technology enables local and network components can be components of the communication, the development of the use of ActiveX Another advantage is that it is code reuse, that is to say in a virtual laboratory development process, an experimental device which can be the environment in a number of experiments re-use, this is particularly important in the process of sustainable development. 這種技術使得壹個大的工程項目可以劃分成小塊的組件，也就相當於把復雜工程簡單為壹個個組成部分，完成了每個組成部分之後集成起來就可以得到最終的項目。 This technology enables a large project can be divided into small components, it is equivalent to the complexity of the project as a simple component, was completed after each component can be integrated into the final project. 可以開發ActiveX組件的環境有很多，其中開發效率最高和最易上手的是Visual Ba?鄄sic。 ActiveX components can be developed a lot of environment in which to develop the most efficient and most易上手is Visual Ba? Juan sic. 3.3 VRML技術VRML是虛擬實境描述模型語言(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) 的簡稱。 3.3 VRML technology is VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) the short title. 它是描述虛擬環境中場景的壹種標準，也是在網上實現虛擬現實的關鍵性技術。 It is described in a virtual environment of a standard scene, but also the Internet to achieve the key technologies of virtual reality. VRML的基本特征包括分布式、交互式、平臺無關、三維、多媒體集成、逼真自然等，被成為“第二代WEB”，已經被越來越多的人們所重視。 The basic feature of VRML, including distributed, interactive, platform-independent, three-dimensional, multi-media integration, life-like nature, was a "second-generation WEB", has been more and more people paying attention to. 國際標準化組織1998年1月正式將其批準為國際標準。 International Organization for Standardization in January 1998 officially approved as international standards. VRML是壹種建模語言，其基本目標是建立Internet上的交互式三維多媒體，也就是說，它是用來描述三維物體及其行為的，可以構建虛擬境界。 VRML is a modeling language, its basic goal is to establish a three-dimensional Internet, interactive multimedia, in other words, it is used to describe the three-dimensional objects and their behavior, you can build a virtual realm. 用VRML實現與Internet虛擬現實交互有下面幾個好處：豐富了媒體表現形式、協同工作角色的可視化管理、改善了協同環境的用戶界面、增強了協同環境的交互性。 With the Internet using VRML interactive virtual reality has the following advantages: rich media manifestations, the role of the visual work of management, to improve the collaborative environment of the user interface, enhanced interactive collaborative environment. 可見，將VRML融合到網上虛擬實驗室的開發過程中，既可以增強表現力和用戶的接受力，又可以實現較好的協同工作虛擬化環境。 Can be seen that the VRML into the development of online virtual laboratory process, can enhance performance and user acceptance, but also work together to achieve a better virtual environment. 3.4 ASP技術ASP（Active Server Pages，動態服務器端網頁），內含在Internet Information Server 3.0及其以上版本中，提供壹個服務器端的腳本環境，用於產生和執行動態、高效率的網絡服務器應用程序。 3.4 ASP technology ASP (Active Server Pages, Dynamic server-side page), including in the Internet Information Server 3.0 and above versions, to provide a server-side scripting environment for the generation and implementation of dynamic and efficient web server applications. ASP不只是動態的網頁，它更是當今眾多的Web應用程序實作方式之壹，它負責整個Web應用程序的控制部分。 ASP pages not only dynamic, it is today a large number of Web applications is one of the ways to make, which is responsible for the entire Web application control part. ASP提供五個內建的對象供使用者調用，即Re?鄄quest對象（取得用戶信息）、Response對象（傳送信息給用戶）、Server對象（提供訪問服務器的方法、屬性）、Application對象（用於多個使用者在多個網頁間***享信息）和Session對象（用於單個使用者在多個網頁間***享信息）。 ASP provides a total of five built-in objects for users to call, that is, Re? Juan quest object (to obtain user information), Response object (to send information to the user), Server object (the server to provide access methods, properties), Application object (with in a variety of users to share information between multiple pages) and the Session object (for individual users to share information between multiple pages). 4 網絡虛擬實驗室開發過程當中應註意的幾個問題計算機軟件技術發展到今天，為虛擬實驗室開發提供了極大的方便。 4 virtual laboratory network development process should pay attention to several issues of the development of computer software technology to today, for the development of virtual laboratory provides great convenience. 目前開發所需的系統軟件或工具均支持面向對象的程序設計。 At present, the development of the necessary system software or tools to support object-oriented programming. 它們都有事件驅動的支持，消息循環的程序設計方法及多媒體操作技術。 They have the support of event-driven news cycle of programming and multimedia skills. 在開發過程當中要註意以下幾個問題：事件觸發時機的選擇，實際操作當中某個按鈕按下後並不立即反映，需要延時回應，外部接口的輸入信號或其它信息往往是定時觸發或隨機觸發的事件，若為隨機觸發的事件則可用壹定時限內的隨機數來取代固定時間。 In the development process should pay attention to the following questions: Event trigger timing, the actual operation of them after a button press does not immediately reflect the need to delay response to the external interface of the input signal or other information from time to time is often triggered or random trigger events, if the random trigger events are available for a certain period of time the random number to replace the fixed time. 事件聯鎖關系或動態順序關系可以存放在壹張數據庫表中描述，修改方便。 Interlocking relationship between events or dynamic order can be stored in a database table is described, modify convenience. 給定相應的條件、控制範圍，自動形成數據表，使數據和程序獨立。 Given the appropriate conditions, control, data tables automatically, so that an independent data and programs. 模擬聲音，要使實驗達到逼真，除了模擬控制臺實物景象，還要模擬它們實驗環境中的各種聲音，如汽笛聲、按鈕按動聲、內部機械動作聲等。 Analog voice, to achieve the realistic experiment, in addition to the physical simulation of the console scene, but also simulation of their experimental sounds in the environment, such as the whistle sound, the sound button pressed, the internal mechanical action, such as sound. 這樣，才能使學生在實驗室有身臨其境的感覺，全身心地投入學習。 In this way can help students in the laboratory are immersive feeling, to fully participate in the study. 模擬臺面各種動作的結果，臺面上每個控件的動作都會觸發壹定的事件。 Simulation results of the table a variety of movements, control the movements of each table will trigger a certain event. 這些事件在實物設備中是靠機械、電子電路等去完成，而現在將這些機械及電子邏輯關系使用計算機軟件實現。 These events in the physical devices by mechanical, electronic circuits, such as to complete, and now to the relationship between mechanical and electronic logic using computer software. 故障發生器，在實際工作中除了設備正常情況下的操作，還有各種意外情況，如某些設備故障的情況。 Fault generator, in practical work in addition to equipment operation under normal circumstances, there are a variety of unforeseen circumstances, such as the failure of some equipment. 此時，要求在虛擬系統中也能模擬手柄失靈、儀表信號不顯示及自然災害發生的情況等，即給實驗增加壹些難度，強化學生實際操作能力。 At this point, the request in a virtual simulation system can also handle failures, instrument signals and do not show the case of natural disasters and so on, that is, to increase the difficulty of the experiment, the actual operation to strengthen the capacity of students. 5 結束語虛擬實驗技術在實驗教學中具有廣闊的應用、發展前景，隨著虛擬實驗的普及，其優越性會被越來越多的人認識。 5 Conclusion virtual experiment in teaching experiments have broad applications, development prospects, with the popularity of virtual experiments, and its advantages will be more and more people are aware of. 但要使虛擬實驗技術真正得到推廣應用，關鍵還是觀念的改變，首先是教師觀念的改變，除了具有創新精神和能力外，還應有壹個科學的投資理念，在實驗室建設和發展中，充分考慮投資效益，建設現代化的實驗室。 But for the virtual experiment really promote the use of technology, the key is to change the concept, first of all, the concept of change in teachers, in addition to the spirit of innovation and capacity, there should be a scientific concept of investment, construction and development in the laboratory, the full consider the investment returns and building a modern laboratory. 其次要培養壹支高素質的實驗隊伍，不斷地進行知識更新，加強學習，重視信息的收集、加工、應用，了解掌握最新技術，促進實驗教學發展。 Second, we must cultivate a high-quality experimental team, continually update their knowledge to enhance learning, importance of information collection, processing, application, understand the latest technology, and promote the development of experimental teaching. 虛擬實驗的應用和發展，加快了實驗室發展和實驗教學改革，促進了教育觀念的改變。 Application of the virtual experiment and development, to accelerate the development and experimental laboratory teaching reform, the promotion of education to change attitudes. 是培養創新人才的新的實驗手段。 Is to train innovative talents of the new experimental tools. 虛擬實驗在21世紀實驗教學中必將占有重要地位，無疑會起到很大的作用。 Virtual experiment experimental teaching in the 21st century will certainly occupy an important position, will undoubtedly play a significant role.