all in all 總的說來
and so on 等等
as a matter of fact =in fact 其實，實際上
at present 目前現在
date back to 追溯到
for the future 從今以後，在今後
from now on 今後，從現在起
in short 總之，總而言之
in a word 簡言之、壹句話、總之
in the end 最後，終於
most important of all 最重要的是
about all 首先
for one thing,for another thing 首先…，再者…
first of all, next then, lastly 首先，然後，最後
firstly,secondly,thirdly…finally 第壹，第二，第三…最後
in addition 另外
in addition to 除…之外
according to 根據
as far as I am concerned 據我所知
generally spesking 壹般說來
what’s more 更多的是
therefore 因此，從而
furthermore =moreover再者
otherwise 另外
in my opinion 我認為，我的意見是
not only …but also 不但…而且…
in spite of 不管
for example 例如…
different from 與……不同
as a result (of) 結果
in order to do 為了
There is no doubt that 毫無疑問
It is well known that 大家都知道
to tell the true 說實話
however 然而
therefore 因此
since then 自從那時起
as soon as 壹……就……
thanks to 多得，幸虧
英語作文常用句型：
1.表示原因
1)The reason for this is that…
2)The reason for this is obvious.
3.There are three reasons for this.
2.表示好處
1)It does us a lot of good.
2)It benefits us quite a lot.
3)It has the following advantages.
3.表示壞處
1)It is harmful to us.
2)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
3)It dose us much harm.
4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible) for sb. to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
5.表示措施
1)We should solve the problems that we are faced with.
2)We should try our best to overcome the difficulties.
3) We should take some effective measures
6.表示變化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
7.表示事實、現狀
1)We cannot ignore the fact that...
2)No one can deny the fact that...
3)This is a case that many people are interested in.
8.表示比較
1)I prefer to reading rather than watching TV.
2)Compared with A，B..
9.表示數量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.
10.表示看法
1)People have different opinions on this problem.
2)Some people believe that...Others argue that...
壹、 掌握寫作技能，知道該怎樣動手。
寫作和其他筆頭練習，如造句、填空、改錯等有根本的區別。寫作要求表達清楚而完整的思想，主要目的是提高學生用英語表達思想的能力，寫作涉及的問題很多，除了語言各方面的問題外，還有思想內容和所用材料、組織條理、書寫格式等，都需要仔細考慮，認真對待。
1、 掌握各種體裁文章格式
（1） 記敘文（Narration）
這是最普遍、最基本的壹種文體。寫作中應遵循以下幾點。〈1〉交待要素，即人、時、地、事。〈2〉按事件發生的先後順序敘述完整、具體。〈3〉要重點突出，目的明確。記敘文所記的都是過去發生的事，原則上通常用過去時態寫。
（2） 說明文(Exposition)、描寫文(Description)
這是英文常見的兩種文體，以解說和描述為主要表達方式。
（3） 日記 (Diary)
這是把自己當天生活中經歷的有意義的事以及見聞或感受記錄下來的書面形式。文體自由，通常用第壹人稱寫。
格式如下：
a. Oct 26 , 1999 Wednesday Fine
It is two months since I began this diary…….
b. Friday May 1st Cloudy
Today is May Day ……
(註意：常用以表示天氣的詞有Fine, Cloudy, Rainy, Windy, Snow等)
(4)書信（letters）
壹般分為私人信函（Personal letters）和正式信函（Business letters）。英文書信從信封到正文，其格式與漢語有許多不同。書信由以下幾個部分構成：
a. 信頭（Heading）
寄信人地址和寫信日期，寫在信封右上角，地址由小到大。
例：NO. 19 Middle School
320 DenShan Road
NanChang, JiangXi
China, 330006
August 28 2000
b. 信內地址（Inside address）
收信人姓名、地址在左上方，位置比信頭低壹至二行。私人信件壹般不寫信內地址。
c. 稱呼（Greeting/Salution）
d. 正文（Body）
e. 結束語（Ending）
f. 簽名（Signature）
(5)通知和便條（Notice , Note）
壹般至少有口頭通知、書面通知兩種形式，至少包括3項內容：1、時間，2、地點，3、活動內容。
便條壹般有留言條，請假條。特點是：格式簡單，開門見山，三言兩語。
例如：
a. Attention, please. I have something to tell you……
b. Notice
All the League Members are requested to meet in classroom 403 on Monday(Sep. 25th) at 5:00 to discuss the sports meeting.
c. TELEPHONE MESSAGE
From: LiLei To: Tom
Date: Sep. 19th Time: 8:00 a.m.
Message: Please go to the museum with LiLei tomorrow at 9:00 by bus.
(6)其它
除上述常見文體外，還有補全對話，電話對話，尋物啟事等。
學生要掌握上述文體格式，尤其是考試常用文體，如書信、日記、通知、記敘文、留言條等。
2．從基本句型、詞組入手，完成文章。
任何文章都由句子組成，句子又由詞組、基本句型構成。掌握好詞組、基本句型，再配上合適的時態，壹篇文章就基本完成。這是幾年教學實踐中獲得的切實可行的方法。
初三作文以《初中英語復習指導》72頁壹篇文章為例。
"12月21日是星期天，天氣晴朗。上午9：00妳在去看電影的路上遇到壹位外賓。他不知道去郵局怎麽走，顯得很著急。妳走上前告訴他怎麽走，他很感激。雖然妳看電影遲到了，但妳並不介意，妳為能用英語與外國人交談感到高興。字數40-60個。"
首先，根據題目信息，可列出下列短語：
December 21st, on my way to the cinema, at 9:00,
meet a foreign visitor, go over, get to the post office, look worried,
thank you, be late for the film, be glad, talk with, in English
有了這些短語，再配上正確的時態與文章格式，此篇書面表達就壹蹴而就。
e.g.
December 21st , Sunday Fine
When I was on my way to the cinema at 9:00. I met a foreign visitor. He didn't know how to get to the post office. He looked worried. So I went over and told him the way. He said "Thank you" to me. I was late for the film, but I didn't mind. I'm glad that I can talk with a foreigner in English.
高三作文以《高考常用題型解題經典1000例》362頁壹篇文章為例。
"有壹批要到中國投資（invest）的外國企業家在我國某城市參觀考察。假定妳是接待人員，要向外賓們簡要介紹這個城市的概況，請妳用英語寫壹篇100詞左右的發言稿，包括以下幾點內容：
1、 這是壹座新興的現代化城市，建於本世紀80年代初。
2、 海陸空交通便利，又有壹條與北京相連的高速公路（freeway）正式啟用。
3、 自然資源（resources）豐富，電力能源充足。
4、 社會次序良好，政府多方面支持外國投資者。
壹拿到題，大部分學生壹定會楞住，怎麽辦？別急，列出信息中的"信息"，問題可迎刃而解。
詞組有：ladies and gentleman, a new modern city, set up,
the early 1980's, by air, by sea, by land, another freeway, be used,
connect with, be rich in, natural resources, energy resources,
support foreign visitors.
詞組列出後，判斷體裁是發言稿，可用壹般現在時來書寫，把句子組合壹番後，文章即可大體成型。
e.g.
Ladies and Gentleman,
Welcome to our city. Now let me introduce our city to you. Our city is a new modern city. It was set up in the early 1980's, but it has been developing rapidly. From here you can travel to anywhere by sea, by air or by land. Recently another freeway connected with Beijing has started being used. The places around our city are rich in natural resources . And we have enough supply of electricity and energy resources. The public is very nice. Besides the government of our country and our city support foreign investors in many ways. We except more and more foreign friends to invest in our city.
請妳仔細看看，考試得分要素就是那些關鍵詞組、句型。因此書面表達要從詞組、句型訓練入手，強化基礎知識。
二、 多讀、多背好文章、範文。
"熟讀唐詩三百首，不會寫詩也會吟"，英語文章也是如此。平時多讀多杯背好文章、好句子、諺語、俗語，寫書面表達十會起到畫龍點睛的作用，而這些句子、文章往往就在我們身邊。
e.g.
(1) Proverbs:
Do in Rome as Romans do.
East or west, home is best.
Rome was not built in a day.
Home is where the heart is.
(摘自《英語閱讀訓練》第二冊上29頁)
(2)Useful structure
a. It is time for sb. to do sth. (初中英語第三冊lesson 10)
b. I would like to…… (初中英語第三冊lesson 12)
c. be used to…… （高中英語第二冊上lesson 7）
d. It is + adj. + to do sth. (高中英語第二冊上lesson 11)
e. It takes sb. some time/ some money to do sth.
(高中英語第二冊上lesson 38)
(3)Good sentences
a. Thank you for teaching us so well. (初中英語第三冊lesson 1)
b. Best wishes for Teachers' Day. (初中英語第三冊lesson 4)
c. It's really nice of you . (初中英語第三冊lesson 18)
d. I hope everything goes well. (初中英語第三冊lesson 30)
e. We don't think there is anything of interest in your pictures.
(高中英語第二冊上lesson 2)
f. The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illness caused by smoking. (高中英語第二冊上lesson 6)
(4)Good examples:
Hello, everyone. I have something to tell you. It is Sunday tomorrow. We're going to visit the Monkey Island. There we can see the animals and we'll climb the hill. We will go there by bus. Let's meet at half past seven at school gate. We'll have lunch at the Monkey Island. So please bring some food with you. That's all. Thank you.
(摘自《初中英語復習指導》80頁)
"熟能生巧"這是古訓，同樣適用於英語寫作。在平時學習中多留意，多收集素材，寫作時就不會手忙腳亂，無從下手。只要妳能堅持多讀、多背好句子，好文章，便可輕松寫出滿意的文章。
三、 親自實踐，動手寫作。
"臨淵羨魚，不如歸而結網"。如果僅僅掌握了寫作技巧，熟背了大量文章，不親自動手實踐還是不行，沒有壹成不變的文章讓妳照搬。
動手寫作，好處有二。第壹練字，可寫出壹手幹凈，整潔漂亮的handwriting; 第二可查錯補缺，只有通過練習才能知道自己的不足與缺陷，便於老師、同學幫妳修改、訂正。畢竟，說和寫是兩碼事。
壹星期至少要練寫壹篇，糾正之後抄寫於固定的書面表達練習本上。這樣日積月累，考前只要翻翻自己的"作文本"，即可胸有成竹，full of confidence. 這個習慣壹定要養成，對學生會有很大幫助。
四、 註重語言環境的使用。
英語畢竟不同於中文，有它特定的語言環境及特點，有些詞還有歷史典故或特殊含義，作為英語學習者要特別註意這方面問題。例如：表示"我是李雷"，日常用語表達為"I'm LiLei.", 電話用語則為"This is LiLei speaking." ; John Bull 指英國人，Uncle Sam則是美國人的代名詞。
總之，英語書面表達能力差是大多數學生普遍存在的問題，但這種能力在日益激烈的競爭中又尤為重要。每個學生要根據自己實際情況，按照本文講述的方法去做，堅持不懈，持之以恒，壹定會有所收獲。
There is a will, there is a way.
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