alphanumeric binary : actually, it's a kind of patent used in a nine key alphanumeric binary keyboard combined with a three key binary control keyboard. A first set of nine binary keys numbered one "1" through nine "9", used as an alphanumeric binary keyboard, with twenty-six characters and a space grouped in sets of three's on all nine keys,combined with a second set of three binary control keys including, a first binary control key, a second binary control key and a third binary control key.
If you're dizzy about the descriptions above, let me show you a live example, most cell phones are using this nine key alphanumeric binary keyboard combined with a three key binary control keyboard.
character numeric: To be honest, I can't find any references on this phrase. Personally speaking, I think the phrase you're talking about is "numeric character", it means the coding language used in computer, say, html numeric character.
alphnumeric : Of or pertaining to alphanumeric characters(from Merriam Webster Dict).
To be frank, I haven't seen any differences between these words or phrases, for they do mean things irrelevent to each other.